US Options Course · Appendix Quick reference

Glossary, quick reference and templates

You don't need to read this page from start to finish. Look up unfamiliar words in A, check a structure in B and C before you place an order, use D to build your own trading system, and turn to E for data and tools. Every example uses the same set of parameters, so you can compare it with the main text.

In this appendix
  1. A Glossary
  2. B Strategy quick reference
  3. C Payoff diagram atlas
  4. D Four templates
  5. E Data sources and tools

How to use this appendix

  • Hit an unfamiliar word in the text: search for it in A
  • Before an order: check the profit and loss limits in B and the shape in C
  • Building a system: copy the four templates in D into your own notes

Related chapters

  • A: terms from all 16 chapters
  • B, C: strategies from Chapters 7–11
  • D: tools from Chapters 6, 10, 13 and 14

Conventions

  • Stock at 100, 30 days, IV 25%, 4% rate, no dividends
  • Prices and P&L are per share; one contract × 100
  • D is a net debit, C a net credit, K₁ < K₂ < K₃ < K₄

AGlossary

108 terms in six groups, each with a one-line explanation. The terms are written the way you will see them on broker platforms, in exchange documents and in other English-language sources.

A.1 Basics (24 terms)
TermExplanation
OptionA contract to buy or sell an underlying at an agreed price within an agreed period: the buyer has the right, the seller has the obligation.
Call optionThe right to buy the underlying at the strike price.
Put optionThe right to sell the underlying at the strike price.
UnderlyingThe stock, ETF, index or futures contract an option is written on.
Strike priceThe price at which the contract lets you buy or sell.
Expiration dateThe date the contract expires; US options come with weekly, monthly, quarterly and other expirations.
PremiumThe option's price. It is quoted per share; multiply by 100 for one standard contract.
Contract multiplierOne standard US option covers 100 shares of the underlying.
In the moneyITMWorth something if exercised now: for a call, the stock is above the strike; for a put, below it.
At the moneyATMThe strike is roughly equal to the current stock price.
Out of the moneyOTMAn option that would be worth nothing if exercised now.
Intrinsic valueWhat you would get by exercising right now; never less than zero.
Time valueExtrinsic valueThe part of the premium above intrinsic value; it goes to zero at expiration.
American-style optionCan be exercised on any trading day before expiration; US single-stock and ETF options are American-style.
European-style optionCan be exercised only at expiration; options on broad indexes such as SPX are European-style.
ExerciseThe buyer uses the right, buying or selling the underlying at the strike.
AssignmentThe seller is required to fulfill the contract; sellers of American-style options can be assigned before expiration.
Cash settlementAt expiration the difference is paid in cash and no underlying changes hands, as with SPX options.
Physical settlementAt expiration the underlying itself is delivered, as with single-stock and SPY options.
Option chainThe table of quotes for every expiration and strike on one underlying.
Open interestOIThe total number of contracts not yet closed or exercised; updated once each trading day.
VolumeThe number of contracts traded during the day.
Bid–ask spreadThe gap between the highest bid and the lowest ask; a hidden cost of getting in and out.
Mid priceMidThe average of the bid and the ask; limit orders usually start here.
A.2 Pricing (12 terms)
TermExplanation
Black-Scholes modelA model that prices European options from six inputs: stock price, strike, time to expiration, volatility, interest rate and dividends.
Put–call parityWith no dividends, C − P = S − K·e^(−rT), linking the call and the put at the same strike to the stock.
Risk-neutral pricingPricing that assumes the underlying grows at the risk-free rate and then discounts the expected payoff; the probabilities it produces are the market's pricing, not real-world probabilities.
Theoretical valueThe fair price a model produces; also the center of market makers' quotes.
Implied probabilityThe probability of finishing in the money, backed out from option prices; N(d₂) under Black-Scholes.
Expected moveThe size of move the market implies over a period, usually estimated as S × IV × √(days/365) or from the price of the ATM straddle.
Early exerciseExercising an American option before expiration; most common with deep ITM calls just before an ex-dividend date.
Synthetic positionReplicating one position with a combination of options; for example, a long call plus a short put is roughly the same as owning the stock.
Forward priceThe delivery price: the current price plus the cost of carry. Options on futures are priced off it.
Black-76 modelA variant of Black-Scholes that uses the futures price in place of the stock price; used for options on futures.
Binomial modelA pricing method that works backward step by step through a tree of prices; it can handle early exercise of American options.
Risk-free rateThe short-term Treasury rate used in pricing; this course uses 4% throughout.
A.3 The Greeks (15 terms)
TermExplanation
DeltaDeltaThe change in the option price for each $1 move in the underlying; multiplied by 100, it is one contract's share equivalent.
GammaGammaThe change in Delta for each $1 move in the underlying; positive for long options, negative for short ones.
ThetaThetaThe change in the option price as each day passes; usually negative for buyers and positive for sellers.
VegaVegaThe change in the option price for each 1-point change in implied volatility.
RhoRhoThe change in the option price for each 1% change in interest rates; more noticeable the longer the term.
CharmCharmThe change in Delta as time passes: an OTM option's Delta drifts toward 0 each day, an ITM option's toward 1.
VannaVannaThe change in Delta caused by a change in implied volatility.
VommaVomma (Volga)Vega's sensitivity to volatility; larger for OTM options.
Dollar gammaHow many dollars of stock the change in Delta amounts to when the underlying moves 1%; used to compare across underlyings.
Share equivalentDelta × 100 × contracts × direction; lets you add options and stock together directly.
Beta-weighted deltaConverts each position's Delta into share equivalents of an index (such as SPY), using beta and price.
Delta neutralPortfolio Delta is about zero, so small price moves have little effect.
Gamma scalpingGamma scalpingHolding positive Gamma and repeatedly hedging Delta back to zero, using realized volatility to earn back the Theta cost.
Gamma flipThe estimated price level where market makers' net Gamma turns from positive to negative; below it, their hedging tends to amplify moves.
Discrete hedging errorThe error left by adjusting Delta only at intervals; its standard deviation is roughly inversely proportional to the square root of the number of hedges.
A.4 Volatility (16 terms)
TermExplanation
Realized volatilityThe annualized standard deviation of the underlying's actual returns; also called historical volatility.
Implied volatilityIVThe volatility that makes the model price equal the market price; the market's price for future volatility.
Volatility risk premiumThe amount by which implied volatility on average exceeds the realized volatility that follows; sellers earn it over time and also carry the tail risk.
IV RankIV RankWhere current IV sits between its lowest and highest levels over the past year, on a scale of 0 to 100.
IV percentileThe share of days in the past year when IV was below its current level.
Term structureThe curve traced by ATM IV across expirations.
ContangoBack-month IV above front-month IV; the normal state of a calm market.
BackwardationInversionFront-month IV above back-month IV; common in a panic or ahead of a major event.
SkewDifferences in IV across strikes at the same expiration; for stock indexes, OTM puts are usually more expensive.
Volatility smileIV forms a U shape across strikes, with both wings more expensive than at the money.
Volatility surfaceThe two-dimensional grid of IV by strike × expiration.
25-delta risk reversal25Δ call IV minus 25Δ put IV; measures the direction and steepness of the skew.
Forward volatilityThe implied volatility for a future period, derived by subtracting the total variance of one expiration from that of another.
IV crushThe sharp drop in implied volatility once an event is out and the uncertainty is gone.
VIXVIX IndexCboe's index of 30-day implied volatility, calculated from SPX options.
Implied correlationThe average correlation backed out from the index's IV and the IVs of its components.
A.5 Strategies (21 terms)
TermExplanation
Covered callOwn 100 shares and sell 1 call, giving up upside in exchange for premium.
Cash-secured putSell a put and set aside the full amount of cash, ready to buy the stock at the strike.
Protective putOwn the stock and buy a put: insurance against a fall.
CollarOwn the stock, buy a put and sell a call, using the call premium to pay for the protection.
Vertical spreadBuy one option and sell another with the same expiration and different strikes.
Debit spreadA spread that costs net premium to open; the maximum loss is the net debit.
Credit spreadA spread that collects net premium to open; the maximum loss is the width minus the net credit.
StraddleA call plus a put at the same strike: buying it bets on a big move, selling it bets on no move.
StrangleAn OTM call plus an OTM put at different strikes.
Iron condorA short strangle plus farther-out wings bought to cap the risk.
Iron butterflyA short ATM straddle plus wings bought to cap the risk.
ButterflyA three-strike structure, buy 1, sell 2, buy 1, that bets the stock ends near the middle strike.
Calendar spreadSell the front month and buy the back month at the same strike, earning the front month's faster time decay.
Diagonal spreadSell one option and buy another with a different strike and a different expiration.
Ratio spreadA spread with unequal numbers of long and short contracts, such as buy 1, sell 2; the extra short contracts are unprotected.
Risk reversalSell an OTM put and buy an OTM call (or the reverse): a low-cost way to express direction and trade the skew.
The wheelWheel strategySell puts, take the shares when assigned, then sell covered calls, collecting premium round and round.
LEAPSLEAPSLong-dated options with more than a year to expiration; deep ITM calls are often used in place of owning the stock.
0DTEZero days to expirationOptions that expire the same day; both Gamma and Theta are extremely large.
RollClose the current option and at the same time open one with a different strike or expiration.
Autocallable noteA structured product that ends early and pays a coupon once a knock-out condition is met; the investor has in effect sold a knock-in put. A common variant in China is called a “snowball.”
A.6 Risk and the account (20 terms)
TermExplanation
MarginCollateral the broker requires you to set aside for short positions or borrowing.
Maintenance marginThe minimum margin you must keep while you hold a position.
Margin callThe broker's demand to add funds or reduce positions when the account falls below maintenance margin.
Portfolio marginMargin calculated from stress tests on the whole portfolio; the account requirements are higher, and so is the leverage available.
Buying powerThe amount the account can currently use to open new positions.
Options approval levelThe range of options strategies a broker approves you to trade, based on your experience and assets.
Defined riskA structure whose maximum loss is known when you open it, such as spreads and iron condors.
Undefined riskA structure whose theoretical loss is unlimited or very large, such as naked short calls and short straddles.
Max lossA position's loss in the worst case; the basis for sizing the position.
Stress testRepricing under assumed price and IV scenarios to see how much the portfolio would lose.
Tail riskThe risk of extreme moves that are unlikely but cause very large losses.
Gap riskThe risk that the price jumps sharply between trades (overnight, for example) before you can adjust.
Pin riskThe risk, when the stock is right at the strike at expiration, of not knowing whether you will be exercised or assigned.
Liquidity riskThe risk of not being able to get in or out at a reasonable price because spreads are too wide or trading is thin.
ExpectancyExpected valueWin rate × avg win − loss rate × avg loss; worth trading only if it is positive after costs.
Kelly criterionThe bet size that maximizes long-run growth; in practice traders usually use only a quarter to a half of it.
Maximum drawdownThe largest drop in the account from a peak to a later low.
Trading journalA record of each trade's reasons, execution, result and attribution.
Limit orderAn order that sets the highest price you will pay or the lowest you will accept; the default when trading options.
Multi-leg orderCombo orderFills all the legs of a spread together as a single order, avoiding the risk of only one leg filling.

BStrategy quick reference

24 structures, in the order they first appear in the course. The table is wide: swipe left and right, and the first column stays put. All profits and losses are per share; multiply by 100 for one set of contracts.

Notation
  • K₁ < K₂ < K₃ < K₄ are strikes; S₀ is the cost of the stock you bought.
  • D is the net premium paid to open (net debit) and C the net premium received to open (net credit); N is the net cost, positive if paid and negative if received.
  • The View column reads: direction · volatility · whether the passage of time helps you.
  • The two legs of calendars and diagonals expire on different dates, so their max profit and breakeven have to be repriced using the remaining value of the back-month option; see the charts in Section C.
Table B-1 Strategy quick reference (per share; profit and loss limits at expiry)
StructureConstructionView (direction · vol · time)Max profitMax lossBreakevenSuits this IV environmentChapter
Long callBuy call KUp · rising · hurtsUnlimitedDK + DIV low; expected move underpriced7
Long putBuy put KDown · rising · hurtsK − DDK − DIV low; also works as a hedge7
Bull call spreadBuy call K₁, sell call K₂Up · minor · hurtsK₂ − K₁ − DDK₁ + DBetter value than a long call when IV is average or high7
Bear put spreadBuy put K₂, sell put K₁Down · minor · hurtsK₂ − K₁ − DDK₂ − DThe short leg is worth more when skew is steep7
LEAPS as stock replacementBuy deep ITM call K, more than a year outLong-term up · rising · hurts slightlyUnlimitedDK + DBuy when IV is low7
Naked short callSell call KNot up · falling · helpsCUnlimitedK + CIV high; needs the highest approval level; not recommended8
Cash-secured putSell put K, hold 100 × K in cashNot down · falling · helpsCK − CK − CIV high, and you're willing to buy at K8
Covered callOwn 100 shares (cost S₀), sell call KMildly up · falling · helpsK − S₀ + CS₀ − CS₀ − CIV high; you own the stock but accept having it called away8
Bull put spreadSell put K₂, buy put K₁Not down · falling · helpsCK₂ − K₁ − CK₂ − CIV high8
Bear call spreadSell call K₁, buy call K₂Not up · falling · helpsCK₂ − K₁ − CK₁ + CIV high8
Long straddleBuy call K, buy put KBig move · rising · hurtsUnlimited on the upside; K − D on the downsideDK − D and K + DIV below the realized volatility you expect9
Short straddleSell call K, sell put KFlat · falling · helpsCUnlimitedK − C and K + CIV clearly high; needs strict risk control9
Long strangleBuy call K₂, buy put K₁Big move · rising · hurtsUnlimited on the upside; K₁ − D on the downsideDK₁ − D and K₂ + DIV low, before an event9
Short strangleSell call K₂, sell put K₁Range-bound · falling · helpsCUnlimitedK₁ − C and K₂ + CIV high9
Iron condorBuy K₁ put, sell K₂ put, sell K₃ call, buy K₄ callRange-bound · falling · helpsCWidth of the wider side − CK₂ − C and K₃ + CIV high, no event during the trade9
Iron butterflyBuy K₁ put, sell K₂ put and K₂ call, buy K₃ callFlat · falling · helpsCWidth of the wider side − CK₂ − C and K₂ + CIV high; betting the stock pins at K₂9
Long call butterflyBuy K₁ call, sell 2 K₂ calls, buy K₃ call (equally spaced)Pinned at K₂ · falling · helps near expiryK₂ − K₁ − DDK₁ + D and K₃ − DA low-cost bet on a target price9
Calendar spreadSell front-month K, buy back-month KFlat · back-month IV rising · helpsLargest with the stock near K at front-month expiry; depends on back-month IVAbout D (more if back-month IV drops sharply)Reprice using the back month's valueFront-month IV above back-month9
Diagonal spreadBuy back-month K₁, sell front-month K₂Mildly up · rising · helpsDepends on back-month IVAbout DNeeds repricingBack-month IV not expensive9
1×2 ratio spreadBuy call K₁, sell 2 calls K₂ (net cost N)Mildly up · falling · helpsK₂ − K₁ − N (stock at K₂)Unlimited on the upsideIf N > 0, K₁ + N below; 2K₂ − K₁ − N aboveIV high, skew steep9
Protective putOwn 100 shares (cost S₀), buy put KLong stock, hedged · rising · hurtsUnlimitedS₀ − K + DS₀ + DBetter value before events and when IV is low11
CollarOwn stock, buy put K₁, sell call K₂ (net cost N)Long stock · minor · minorK₂ − S₀ − NS₀ − K₁ + NS₀ + NWith steep skew the call brings in less and the put costs more11
Risk reversalSell put K₁, buy call K₂ (net cost N)Up · trades skew · minorUnlimitedK₁ + NK₂ + N if N ≥ 0; K₁ − |N| for a net creditCan open for a net credit when skew is steep11
Synthetic longBuy call K, sell put K (net cost N)Up · neutral · neutralUnlimitedK + NK + NReplaces owning the stock; ties up margin3

Three reminders for using the table. For any structure with “Unlimited” in the max loss column, you must have a clear stop-loss and a stress test before you trade (Chapter 13). The IV environment is only a leaning, not a reason to open a trade; that reason has to come from your own three signs (Chapter 14). The same structure can flip the signs of its Vega and Theta at different strikes; see the summary table in Chapter 16.

CPayoff diagram atlas

Payoff diagrams at expiry for 18 common structures, all with the same parameters: stock at 100, 30 days, IV 25%, 4% rate, strikes at 90, 95, 100, 105 and 110. The calendar spread shows P&L at front-month expiry (with 30 days left on the back month, priced at IV 25%). The premiums and the figures under each chart are computed live with Black-Scholes.

P&L at expiry (per share)Profit zoneLoss zoneCurrent price 100

How to read these charts
  • Start with the ends: if the line keeps falling at the right or left end, the loss is unlimited.
  • Then the slope: a slope of +1 on the right is like holding 100 shares, −1 is like being short 100 shares, and 0 means that side is capped.
  • Finally the kinks: every kink is a strike. The more kinks, the more the structure depends on the stock staying within a particular range.

DFour templates

These four templates correspond to the “four deliverables” described in Chapter 16. They are plain text and can be pasted into any notes app or spreadsheet. Click “Copy template”; if the browser won't allow copying, the text is selected automatically and you just press Ctrl + C (⌘ + C on a Mac).

D.1Strategy selection matrix

Chapter 14Fill one in before every order. Write the three signs first, then pick 2–3 candidates from the matrix and choose among them by maximum loss.

STRATEGY SELECTION MATRIX  (write the three signs first, then find a structure)
Underlying: ________  Date: ________
IV / IV Rank: ____ / ____  Days to next event: ____

1. My view (pick one per line)
  Direction:  [ ] Up  [ ] Down  [ ] Flat  [ ] Big move, direction unclear
  Volatility: [ ] Will rise (IV low)  [ ] Will fall (IV high)  [ ] No view
  Time:       [ ] Plays out within 2 weeks  [ ] 1–3 months  [ ] 6 months or more
  Three signs: direction __ / time __ / volatility __

2. Check the matrix (direction × IV environment)
  Bullish + IV low:    long call, bull call spread, LEAPS
  Bullish + IV high:   cash-secured put, bull put spread
  Bearish + IV low:    long put, bear put spread
  Bearish + IV high:   bear call spread; add a collar if you own the stock
  Flat + IV low:       calendar spread (when the back month is cheap)
  Flat + IV high:      iron condor, iron butterfly, butterfly (defined risk first)
  Big move + IV low:   long straddle, long strangle
  Big move + IV high:  usually no trade; sellers are most at risk in a big move

3. Candidate structures
  Candidate 1: ____________  Signs: __/__/__
               Max loss $____  Max profit $____  Breakeven ____
  Candidate 2: ____________  Signs: __/__/__
               Max loss $____  Max profit $____  Breakeven ____
  Candidate 3: ____________  Signs: __/__/__
               Max loss $____  Max profit $____  Breakeven ____

4. Decision
  Chosen: ____________
  Reason (one sentence): ______________________________
  If the view is wrong, where I admit it: ____________

D.2Position rules card

Chapter 13Write it once and review it every 90 days; any change must state its reason. Check it line by line before every order and every addition to a position.

POSITION RULES CARD  (review every 90 days; any change needs a written reason)
Account equity: $________  Effective date: ________

1. Per trade
  Max loss per trade ≤ ___% of the account (1% while practicing, 2% cap)
  Buyers: max loss = premium paid
  Sellers: defined-risk structures only; max loss = width − credit received
  Exit: at ___% of max loss, or ___ days before expiration, whichever comes first

2. Portfolio
  Open positions ≤ ___
  Total max loss of all positions ≤ ___% of the account
  Total beta-weighted Delta ≤ ___ SPY share equivalents
  Portfolio Vega ≤ $____ / point; portfolio Theta ≥ −$____ / day
  Positions tied to the same event (earnings, FOMC, CPI) count as one

3. Stress tests (before every order, and once a week)
  Underlying ±1 and ±2 standard deviations: portfolio loss ≤ ___%
  Underlying −10% and IV +10 points: portfolio loss ≤ ___%

4. Stop rules
  Daily loss ≥ ___%: no new positions for the rest of the day
  Monthly loss ≥ ___% or ___ rule violations: back to paper trading for two weeks
  When you want to “win it back fast”: cut size first, decide the next day

This change and the reason for it: ________________________________

D.3Options trading journal

Chapters 14, 15One per trade. Finish the plan section before the order and the review section on the day you close. Be sure to flag the trades that “made money but were done wrong.”

OPTIONS TRADING JOURNAL  No.: ____
Open date: ________  Underlying: ____  Price: ____
IV / IV Rank: ____ / ____  Next event: ________

1. Plan (write before the order)
  View (one sentence): ______________________________
  Three signs: direction __ / time __ / volatility __
  Structure and legs: __________________________________
  Net premium: ____  Max profit: ____
  Max loss: ____  Breakeven: ____
  Delta / Theta / Vega: ____ / ____ / ____
  Account at risk: ___% (rules card cap ___%)
  Take-profit: ________  Stop-loss: ________  Time stop: ________

2. Execution
  Fill price: ____  Mid at the time: ____  Slippage: ____
  Adjustments (date, action, reason):
    ________________________________________

3. Result (write after closing)
  Close date: ________  Close price: ____
  P&L: $____ (____× risk)  Days held: ____
  Change in underlying: ____  Change in IV: ____

4. Review
  Attribution: [ ] Judgment error  [ ] Execution error  [ ] Risk-control error  [ ] Normal variance
  What I did right: __________________________________
  What I did wrong: __________________________________
  Made money but did it wrong?  [ ] Yes  [ ] No
  Next time: __________________________________

D.4Event calendar and IV dashboard

Chapters 6, 10Update the dashboard at each day's close, and the events for the next 8 weeks every Sunday. Use a single data source so the numbers are comparable.

EVENT CALENDAR AND IV DASHBOARD  Week: ________  Data source: ________

1. IV dashboard (update at each close)
  Underlying | Price | ATM IV | IV Rank | 30-day expected move | 20-day realized vol | IV − realized
  SPY        |       |        |         |                      |                     |
  QQQ        |       |        |         |                      |                     |
  ____       |       |        |         |                      |                     |
  ____       |       |        |         |                      |                     |
  ____       |       |        |         |                      |                     |
  Expected move = price × IV × √(days / 365)

2. Term structure (once a week)
  Underlying: ____  Front-month IV: ____  Next-month IV: ____
  Forward volatility = √((σ2² × T2 − σ1² × T1) / (T2 − T1)): ____
  Shape: [ ] Contango  [ ] Inverted (reason: ________)

3. Events in the next 8 weeks
  Date | Event | Related underlyings | Implied move | Avg actual move, past 8
  ____ | _____ | ___________________ | ____________ | _______________________
  ____ | _____ | ___________________ | ____________ | _______________________
  ____ | _____ | ___________________ | ____________ | _______________________
  Event types: earnings / FOMC / CPI / jobs / options expiration / other

4. This week's conclusions
  Most expensive IV: ________  Cheapest: ________
  Events worth preparing for: ________
  Positions to cut ahead of time: ________

EData sources and tools

Below are only common categories and well-known public tools, with what each is good for. A listing is not a recommendation. Only the main domain is given; check it yourself before use. Fees and features change.

Broker platforms

Orders, real-time option chains, portfolio Greeks, P&L analysis

  • Interactive Brokers interactivebrokers.com
    Broad product coverage, low costs and a full set of options analytics
  • Charles Schwab (thinkorswim platform) schwab.com
    thinkorswim's Analyze tab can draw multi-leg payoff diagrams and run price and IV scenarios
  • Fidelity fidelity.com
    A full-service broker with option chains and strategy analysis
  • tastytrade tastytrade.com
    An options-focused broker whose interface is built around IV Rank and defined-risk strategies

When choosing a broker, compare commissions and fees per contract, the requirements for each options approval level, support for multi-leg and conditional orders, and whether you can see Delta, Theta and Vega at the portfolio level.

Exchanges, clearing and education

Contract specifications, rules, risk disclosures

  • Cboe cboe.com
    Contract specifications for SPX, XSP, VIX and other options; VIX methodology and historical data
  • OCC (Options Clearing Corporation) theocc.com
    The disclosure document “Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options,” which you should read before applying for options approval; volume statistics
  • Options Industry Council (OIC) optionseducation.org
    Free courses on options basics, strategy guides and calculators
  • CME Group cmegroup.com
    Contract specifications for futures and options on futures; the FedWatch tool shows market-implied probabilities for rate decisions

The exchange's published specifications are what count: multiplier, exercise style, settlement method, last trading day.

Option chains and IV data

Rich or cheap, open interest, historical IV

  • Your broker's platform
    Real-time data is most reliable here; most platforms show IV Rank, term structure and skew charts
  • Barchart barchart.com
    Option chains, IV Rank, open interest and unusual volume; some features are free
  • Yahoo Finance finance.yahoo.com
    Free option chains and quotes; the data is delayed, but it's fine for practice reading chains

Data sources define IV differently: which expiration, whether it is interpolated to 30 days, whether it uses mid prices or last trades. Always compare using the same source.

Financial calendars

Primary sources for the event calendar

  • Federal Reserve federalreserve.gov
    FOMC meeting schedule, statements and minutes
  • Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) bls.gov
    Release schedules for CPI, PPI and nonfarm payrolls
  • Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) bea.gov
    Release schedules for the PCE price index and GDP
  • Nasdaq earnings calendar nasdaq.com
    Look up companies reporting earnings by date
  • Company investor relations pages
    The company's official announcement is what counts for earnings dates; third-party calendars may show estimates

Earnings dates often appear first as “estimated” and later as “confirmed.” Use only confirmed dates for event trades.

Macro and company data

Rates, inflation, filings

  • FRED fred.stlouisfed.org
    Macro time series for rates, inflation, employment and more, including VIX history
  • US Treasury treasury.gov
    Treasury yield curve data
  • SEC EDGAR sec.gov
    Official company filings such as the 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K

For macro data, look at “actual − forecast”: markets react most to the surprise.

Payoff diagrams, pricing and backtesting

Simulation before the trade, statistics after it

  • OptionStrat optionstrat.com
    Draws payoff diagrams for multi-leg structures online; you can change the date and IV
  • Broker analysis tools
    Such as thinkorswim's Analyze tab and Interactive Brokers' options analysis tools, which run scenarios directly on your positions
  • Python python.org
    With NumPy and pandas, use this course's Black-Scholes formulas to do your own pricing, stress tests and Monte Carlo simulations
  • QuantLib quantlib.org
    An open-source financial pricing library, good for studying American, barrier and other options once you're more advanced
  • Your own trading journal
    The most important backtest data: only it reflects your real execution, slippage and discipline

Every backtest must deduct slippage and commissions and be checked on out-of-sample data. Treat statistics from fewer than 30 trades as a rough guide only.

Three ground rules for data
  • Use your broker's real-time quotes for order prices; free websites are often delayed 15 minutes or more.
  • The same metric (IV Rank, expected move) can differ from site to site; stick to one source.
  • Any “signal” or “flow” data is an estimate: use it to raise questions, not to replace your judgment.