In this appendix
How to use this appendix
- Hit an unfamiliar word in the text: search for it in A
- Before an order: check the profit and loss limits in B and the shape in C
- Building a system: copy the four templates in D into your own notes
Related chapters
- A: terms from all 16 chapters
- B, C: strategies from Chapters 7–11
- D: tools from Chapters 6, 10, 13 and 14
Conventions
- Stock at 100, 30 days, IV 25%, 4% rate, no dividends
- Prices and P&L are per share; one contract × 100
- D is a net debit, C a net credit, K₁ < K₂ < K₃ < K₄
AGlossary
108 terms in six groups, each with a one-line explanation. The terms are written the way you will see them on broker platforms, in exchange documents and in other English-language sources.
No matching terms. Try another keyword.
| Term | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Option | A contract to buy or sell an underlying at an agreed price within an agreed period: the buyer has the right, the seller has the obligation. |
| Call option | The right to buy the underlying at the strike price. |
| Put option | The right to sell the underlying at the strike price. |
| Underlying | The stock, ETF, index or futures contract an option is written on. |
| Strike price | The price at which the contract lets you buy or sell. |
| Expiration date | The date the contract expires; US options come with weekly, monthly, quarterly and other expirations. |
| Premium | The option's price. It is quoted per share; multiply by 100 for one standard contract. |
| Contract multiplier | One standard US option covers 100 shares of the underlying. |
| In the moneyITM | Worth something if exercised now: for a call, the stock is above the strike; for a put, below it. |
| At the moneyATM | The strike is roughly equal to the current stock price. |
| Out of the moneyOTM | An option that would be worth nothing if exercised now. |
| Intrinsic value | What you would get by exercising right now; never less than zero. |
| Time valueExtrinsic value | The part of the premium above intrinsic value; it goes to zero at expiration. |
| American-style option | Can be exercised on any trading day before expiration; US single-stock and ETF options are American-style. |
| European-style option | Can be exercised only at expiration; options on broad indexes such as SPX are European-style. |
| Exercise | The buyer uses the right, buying or selling the underlying at the strike. |
| Assignment | The seller is required to fulfill the contract; sellers of American-style options can be assigned before expiration. |
| Cash settlement | At expiration the difference is paid in cash and no underlying changes hands, as with SPX options. |
| Physical settlement | At expiration the underlying itself is delivered, as with single-stock and SPY options. |
| Option chain | The table of quotes for every expiration and strike on one underlying. |
| Open interestOI | The total number of contracts not yet closed or exercised; updated once each trading day. |
| Volume | The number of contracts traded during the day. |
| Bid–ask spread | The gap between the highest bid and the lowest ask; a hidden cost of getting in and out. |
| Mid priceMid | The average of the bid and the ask; limit orders usually start here. |
| Term | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Black-Scholes model | A model that prices European options from six inputs: stock price, strike, time to expiration, volatility, interest rate and dividends. |
| Put–call parity | With no dividends, C − P = S − K·e^(−rT), linking the call and the put at the same strike to the stock. |
| Risk-neutral pricing | Pricing that assumes the underlying grows at the risk-free rate and then discounts the expected payoff; the probabilities it produces are the market's pricing, not real-world probabilities. |
| Theoretical value | The fair price a model produces; also the center of market makers' quotes. |
| Implied probability | The probability of finishing in the money, backed out from option prices; N(d₂) under Black-Scholes. |
| Expected move | The size of move the market implies over a period, usually estimated as S × IV × √(days/365) or from the price of the ATM straddle. |
| Early exercise | Exercising an American option before expiration; most common with deep ITM calls just before an ex-dividend date. |
| Synthetic position | Replicating one position with a combination of options; for example, a long call plus a short put is roughly the same as owning the stock. |
| Forward price | The delivery price: the current price plus the cost of carry. Options on futures are priced off it. |
| Black-76 model | A variant of Black-Scholes that uses the futures price in place of the stock price; used for options on futures. |
| Binomial model | A pricing method that works backward step by step through a tree of prices; it can handle early exercise of American options. |
| Risk-free rate | The short-term Treasury rate used in pricing; this course uses 4% throughout. |
| Term | Explanation |
|---|---|
| DeltaDelta | The change in the option price for each $1 move in the underlying; multiplied by 100, it is one contract's share equivalent. |
| GammaGamma | The change in Delta for each $1 move in the underlying; positive for long options, negative for short ones. |
| ThetaTheta | The change in the option price as each day passes; usually negative for buyers and positive for sellers. |
| VegaVega | The change in the option price for each 1-point change in implied volatility. |
| RhoRho | The change in the option price for each 1% change in interest rates; more noticeable the longer the term. |
| CharmCharm | The change in Delta as time passes: an OTM option's Delta drifts toward 0 each day, an ITM option's toward 1. |
| VannaVanna | The change in Delta caused by a change in implied volatility. |
| VommaVomma (Volga) | Vega's sensitivity to volatility; larger for OTM options. |
| Dollar gamma | How many dollars of stock the change in Delta amounts to when the underlying moves 1%; used to compare across underlyings. |
| Share equivalent | Delta × 100 × contracts × direction; lets you add options and stock together directly. |
| Beta-weighted delta | Converts each position's Delta into share equivalents of an index (such as SPY), using beta and price. |
| Delta neutral | Portfolio Delta is about zero, so small price moves have little effect. |
| Gamma scalpingGamma scalping | Holding positive Gamma and repeatedly hedging Delta back to zero, using realized volatility to earn back the Theta cost. |
| Gamma flip | The estimated price level where market makers' net Gamma turns from positive to negative; below it, their hedging tends to amplify moves. |
| Discrete hedging error | The error left by adjusting Delta only at intervals; its standard deviation is roughly inversely proportional to the square root of the number of hedges. |
| Term | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Realized volatility | The annualized standard deviation of the underlying's actual returns; also called historical volatility. |
| Implied volatilityIV | The volatility that makes the model price equal the market price; the market's price for future volatility. |
| Volatility risk premium | The amount by which implied volatility on average exceeds the realized volatility that follows; sellers earn it over time and also carry the tail risk. |
| IV RankIV Rank | Where current IV sits between its lowest and highest levels over the past year, on a scale of 0 to 100. |
| IV percentile | The share of days in the past year when IV was below its current level. |
| Term structure | The curve traced by ATM IV across expirations. |
| Contango | Back-month IV above front-month IV; the normal state of a calm market. |
| BackwardationInversion | Front-month IV above back-month IV; common in a panic or ahead of a major event. |
| Skew | Differences in IV across strikes at the same expiration; for stock indexes, OTM puts are usually more expensive. |
| Volatility smile | IV forms a U shape across strikes, with both wings more expensive than at the money. |
| Volatility surface | The two-dimensional grid of IV by strike × expiration. |
| 25-delta risk reversal | 25Δ call IV minus 25Δ put IV; measures the direction and steepness of the skew. |
| Forward volatility | The implied volatility for a future period, derived by subtracting the total variance of one expiration from that of another. |
| IV crush | The sharp drop in implied volatility once an event is out and the uncertainty is gone. |
| VIXVIX Index | Cboe's index of 30-day implied volatility, calculated from SPX options. |
| Implied correlation | The average correlation backed out from the index's IV and the IVs of its components. |
| Term | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Covered call | Own 100 shares and sell 1 call, giving up upside in exchange for premium. |
| Cash-secured put | Sell a put and set aside the full amount of cash, ready to buy the stock at the strike. |
| Protective put | Own the stock and buy a put: insurance against a fall. |
| Collar | Own the stock, buy a put and sell a call, using the call premium to pay for the protection. |
| Vertical spread | Buy one option and sell another with the same expiration and different strikes. |
| Debit spread | A spread that costs net premium to open; the maximum loss is the net debit. |
| Credit spread | A spread that collects net premium to open; the maximum loss is the width minus the net credit. |
| Straddle | A call plus a put at the same strike: buying it bets on a big move, selling it bets on no move. |
| Strangle | An OTM call plus an OTM put at different strikes. |
| Iron condor | A short strangle plus farther-out wings bought to cap the risk. |
| Iron butterfly | A short ATM straddle plus wings bought to cap the risk. |
| Butterfly | A three-strike structure, buy 1, sell 2, buy 1, that bets the stock ends near the middle strike. |
| Calendar spread | Sell the front month and buy the back month at the same strike, earning the front month's faster time decay. |
| Diagonal spread | Sell one option and buy another with a different strike and a different expiration. |
| Ratio spread | A spread with unequal numbers of long and short contracts, such as buy 1, sell 2; the extra short contracts are unprotected. |
| Risk reversal | Sell an OTM put and buy an OTM call (or the reverse): a low-cost way to express direction and trade the skew. |
| The wheelWheel strategy | Sell puts, take the shares when assigned, then sell covered calls, collecting premium round and round. |
| LEAPSLEAPS | Long-dated options with more than a year to expiration; deep ITM calls are often used in place of owning the stock. |
| 0DTEZero days to expiration | Options that expire the same day; both Gamma and Theta are extremely large. |
| Roll | Close the current option and at the same time open one with a different strike or expiration. |
| Autocallable note | A structured product that ends early and pays a coupon once a knock-out condition is met; the investor has in effect sold a knock-in put. A common variant in China is called a “snowball.” |
| Term | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Margin | Collateral the broker requires you to set aside for short positions or borrowing. |
| Maintenance margin | The minimum margin you must keep while you hold a position. |
| Margin call | The broker's demand to add funds or reduce positions when the account falls below maintenance margin. |
| Portfolio margin | Margin calculated from stress tests on the whole portfolio; the account requirements are higher, and so is the leverage available. |
| Buying power | The amount the account can currently use to open new positions. |
| Options approval level | The range of options strategies a broker approves you to trade, based on your experience and assets. |
| Defined risk | A structure whose maximum loss is known when you open it, such as spreads and iron condors. |
| Undefined risk | A structure whose theoretical loss is unlimited or very large, such as naked short calls and short straddles. |
| Max loss | A position's loss in the worst case; the basis for sizing the position. |
| Stress test | Repricing under assumed price and IV scenarios to see how much the portfolio would lose. |
| Tail risk | The risk of extreme moves that are unlikely but cause very large losses. |
| Gap risk | The risk that the price jumps sharply between trades (overnight, for example) before you can adjust. |
| Pin risk | The risk, when the stock is right at the strike at expiration, of not knowing whether you will be exercised or assigned. |
| Liquidity risk | The risk of not being able to get in or out at a reasonable price because spreads are too wide or trading is thin. |
| ExpectancyExpected value | Win rate × avg win − loss rate × avg loss; worth trading only if it is positive after costs. |
| Kelly criterion | The bet size that maximizes long-run growth; in practice traders usually use only a quarter to a half of it. |
| Maximum drawdown | The largest drop in the account from a peak to a later low. |
| Trading journal | A record of each trade's reasons, execution, result and attribution. |
| Limit order | An order that sets the highest price you will pay or the lowest you will accept; the default when trading options. |
| Multi-leg orderCombo order | Fills all the legs of a spread together as a single order, avoiding the risk of only one leg filling. |
BStrategy quick reference
24 structures, in the order they first appear in the course. The table is wide: swipe left and right, and the first column stays put. All profits and losses are per share; multiply by 100 for one set of contracts.
- K₁ < K₂ < K₃ < K₄ are strikes; S₀ is the cost of the stock you bought.
- D is the net premium paid to open (net debit) and C the net premium received to open (net credit); N is the net cost, positive if paid and negative if received.
- The View column reads: direction · volatility · whether the passage of time helps you.
- The two legs of calendars and diagonals expire on different dates, so their max profit and breakeven have to be repriced using the remaining value of the back-month option; see the charts in Section C.
| Structure | Construction | View (direction · vol · time) | Max profit | Max loss | Breakeven | Suits this IV environment | Chapter |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Long call | Buy call K | Up · rising · hurts | Unlimited | D | K + D | IV low; expected move underpriced | 7 |
| Long put | Buy put K | Down · rising · hurts | K − D | D | K − D | IV low; also works as a hedge | 7 |
| Bull call spread | Buy call K₁, sell call K₂ | Up · minor · hurts | K₂ − K₁ − D | D | K₁ + D | Better value than a long call when IV is average or high | 7 |
| Bear put spread | Buy put K₂, sell put K₁ | Down · minor · hurts | K₂ − K₁ − D | D | K₂ − D | The short leg is worth more when skew is steep | 7 |
| LEAPS as stock replacement | Buy deep ITM call K, more than a year out | Long-term up · rising · hurts slightly | Unlimited | D | K + D | Buy when IV is low | 7 |
| Naked short call | Sell call K | Not up · falling · helps | C | Unlimited | K + C | IV high; needs the highest approval level; not recommended | 8 |
| Cash-secured put | Sell put K, hold 100 × K in cash | Not down · falling · helps | C | K − C | K − C | IV high, and you're willing to buy at K | 8 |
| Covered call | Own 100 shares (cost S₀), sell call K | Mildly up · falling · helps | K − S₀ + C | S₀ − C | S₀ − C | IV high; you own the stock but accept having it called away | 8 |
| Bull put spread | Sell put K₂, buy put K₁ | Not down · falling · helps | C | K₂ − K₁ − C | K₂ − C | IV high | 8 |
| Bear call spread | Sell call K₁, buy call K₂ | Not up · falling · helps | C | K₂ − K₁ − C | K₁ + C | IV high | 8 |
| Long straddle | Buy call K, buy put K | Big move · rising · hurts | Unlimited on the upside; K − D on the downside | D | K − D and K + D | IV below the realized volatility you expect | 9 |
| Short straddle | Sell call K, sell put K | Flat · falling · helps | C | Unlimited | K − C and K + C | IV clearly high; needs strict risk control | 9 |
| Long strangle | Buy call K₂, buy put K₁ | Big move · rising · hurts | Unlimited on the upside; K₁ − D on the downside | D | K₁ − D and K₂ + D | IV low, before an event | 9 |
| Short strangle | Sell call K₂, sell put K₁ | Range-bound · falling · helps | C | Unlimited | K₁ − C and K₂ + C | IV high | 9 |
| Iron condor | Buy K₁ put, sell K₂ put, sell K₃ call, buy K₄ call | Range-bound · falling · helps | C | Width of the wider side − C | K₂ − C and K₃ + C | IV high, no event during the trade | 9 |
| Iron butterfly | Buy K₁ put, sell K₂ put and K₂ call, buy K₃ call | Flat · falling · helps | C | Width of the wider side − C | K₂ − C and K₂ + C | IV high; betting the stock pins at K₂ | 9 |
| Long call butterfly | Buy K₁ call, sell 2 K₂ calls, buy K₃ call (equally spaced) | Pinned at K₂ · falling · helps near expiry | K₂ − K₁ − D | D | K₁ + D and K₃ − D | A low-cost bet on a target price | 9 |
| Calendar spread | Sell front-month K, buy back-month K | Flat · back-month IV rising · helps | Largest with the stock near K at front-month expiry; depends on back-month IV | About D (more if back-month IV drops sharply) | Reprice using the back month's value | Front-month IV above back-month | 9 |
| Diagonal spread | Buy back-month K₁, sell front-month K₂ | Mildly up · rising · helps | Depends on back-month IV | About D | Needs repricing | Back-month IV not expensive | 9 |
| 1×2 ratio spread | Buy call K₁, sell 2 calls K₂ (net cost N) | Mildly up · falling · helps | K₂ − K₁ − N (stock at K₂) | Unlimited on the upside | If N > 0, K₁ + N below; 2K₂ − K₁ − N above | IV high, skew steep | 9 |
| Protective put | Own 100 shares (cost S₀), buy put K | Long stock, hedged · rising · hurts | Unlimited | S₀ − K + D | S₀ + D | Better value before events and when IV is low | 11 |
| Collar | Own stock, buy put K₁, sell call K₂ (net cost N) | Long stock · minor · minor | K₂ − S₀ − N | S₀ − K₁ + N | S₀ + N | With steep skew the call brings in less and the put costs more | 11 |
| Risk reversal | Sell put K₁, buy call K₂ (net cost N) | Up · trades skew · minor | Unlimited | K₁ + N | K₂ + N if N ≥ 0; K₁ − |N| for a net credit | Can open for a net credit when skew is steep | 11 |
| Synthetic long | Buy call K, sell put K (net cost N) | Up · neutral · neutral | Unlimited | K + N | K + N | Replaces owning the stock; ties up margin | 3 |
Three reminders for using the table. For any structure with “Unlimited” in the max loss column, you must have a clear stop-loss and a stress test before you trade (Chapter 13). The IV environment is only a leaning, not a reason to open a trade; that reason has to come from your own three signs (Chapter 14). The same structure can flip the signs of its Vega and Theta at different strikes; see the summary table in Chapter 16.
CPayoff diagram atlas
Payoff diagrams at expiry for 18 common structures, all with the same parameters: stock at 100, 30 days, IV 25%, 4% rate, strikes at 90, 95, 100, 105 and 110. The calendar spread shows P&L at front-month expiry (with 30 days left on the back month, priced at IV 25%). The premiums and the figures under each chart are computed live with Black-Scholes.
P&L at expiry (per share)Profit zoneLoss zoneCurrent price 100
- Start with the ends: if the line keeps falling at the right or left end, the loss is unlimited.
- Then the slope: a slope of +1 on the right is like holding 100 shares, −1 is like being short 100 shares, and 0 means that side is capped.
- Finally the kinks: every kink is a strike. The more kinks, the more the structure depends on the stock staying within a particular range.
DFour templates
These four templates correspond to the “four deliverables” described in Chapter 16. They are plain text and can be pasted into any notes app or spreadsheet. Click “Copy template”; if the browser won't allow copying, the text is selected automatically and you just press Ctrl + C (⌘ + C on a Mac).
D.1Strategy selection matrix
Fill one in before every order. Write the three signs first, then pick 2–3 candidates from the matrix and choose among them by maximum loss.
STRATEGY SELECTION MATRIX (write the three signs first, then find a structure)
Underlying: ________ Date: ________
IV / IV Rank: ____ / ____ Days to next event: ____
1. My view (pick one per line)
Direction: [ ] Up [ ] Down [ ] Flat [ ] Big move, direction unclear
Volatility: [ ] Will rise (IV low) [ ] Will fall (IV high) [ ] No view
Time: [ ] Plays out within 2 weeks [ ] 1–3 months [ ] 6 months or more
Three signs: direction __ / time __ / volatility __
2. Check the matrix (direction × IV environment)
Bullish + IV low: long call, bull call spread, LEAPS
Bullish + IV high: cash-secured put, bull put spread
Bearish + IV low: long put, bear put spread
Bearish + IV high: bear call spread; add a collar if you own the stock
Flat + IV low: calendar spread (when the back month is cheap)
Flat + IV high: iron condor, iron butterfly, butterfly (defined risk first)
Big move + IV low: long straddle, long strangle
Big move + IV high: usually no trade; sellers are most at risk in a big move
3. Candidate structures
Candidate 1: ____________ Signs: __/__/__
Max loss $____ Max profit $____ Breakeven ____
Candidate 2: ____________ Signs: __/__/__
Max loss $____ Max profit $____ Breakeven ____
Candidate 3: ____________ Signs: __/__/__
Max loss $____ Max profit $____ Breakeven ____
4. Decision
Chosen: ____________
Reason (one sentence): ______________________________
If the view is wrong, where I admit it: ____________
D.2Position rules card
Write it once and review it every 90 days; any change must state its reason. Check it line by line before every order and every addition to a position.
POSITION RULES CARD (review every 90 days; any change needs a written reason) Account equity: $________ Effective date: ________ 1. Per trade Max loss per trade ≤ ___% of the account (1% while practicing, 2% cap) Buyers: max loss = premium paid Sellers: defined-risk structures only; max loss = width − credit received Exit: at ___% of max loss, or ___ days before expiration, whichever comes first 2. Portfolio Open positions ≤ ___ Total max loss of all positions ≤ ___% of the account Total beta-weighted Delta ≤ ___ SPY share equivalents Portfolio Vega ≤ $____ / point; portfolio Theta ≥ −$____ / day Positions tied to the same event (earnings, FOMC, CPI) count as one 3. Stress tests (before every order, and once a week) Underlying ±1 and ±2 standard deviations: portfolio loss ≤ ___% Underlying −10% and IV +10 points: portfolio loss ≤ ___% 4. Stop rules Daily loss ≥ ___%: no new positions for the rest of the day Monthly loss ≥ ___% or ___ rule violations: back to paper trading for two weeks When you want to “win it back fast”: cut size first, decide the next day This change and the reason for it: ________________________________
D.3Options trading journal
One per trade. Finish the plan section before the order and the review section on the day you close. Be sure to flag the trades that “made money but were done wrong.”
OPTIONS TRADING JOURNAL No.: ____
Open date: ________ Underlying: ____ Price: ____
IV / IV Rank: ____ / ____ Next event: ________
1. Plan (write before the order)
View (one sentence): ______________________________
Three signs: direction __ / time __ / volatility __
Structure and legs: __________________________________
Net premium: ____ Max profit: ____
Max loss: ____ Breakeven: ____
Delta / Theta / Vega: ____ / ____ / ____
Account at risk: ___% (rules card cap ___%)
Take-profit: ________ Stop-loss: ________ Time stop: ________
2. Execution
Fill price: ____ Mid at the time: ____ Slippage: ____
Adjustments (date, action, reason):
________________________________________
3. Result (write after closing)
Close date: ________ Close price: ____
P&L: $____ (____× risk) Days held: ____
Change in underlying: ____ Change in IV: ____
4. Review
Attribution: [ ] Judgment error [ ] Execution error [ ] Risk-control error [ ] Normal variance
What I did right: __________________________________
What I did wrong: __________________________________
Made money but did it wrong? [ ] Yes [ ] No
Next time: __________________________________
D.4Event calendar and IV dashboard
Update the dashboard at each day's close, and the events for the next 8 weeks every Sunday. Use a single data source so the numbers are comparable.
EVENT CALENDAR AND IV DASHBOARD Week: ________ Data source: ________ 1. IV dashboard (update at each close) Underlying | Price | ATM IV | IV Rank | 30-day expected move | 20-day realized vol | IV − realized SPY | | | | | | QQQ | | | | | | ____ | | | | | | ____ | | | | | | ____ | | | | | | Expected move = price × IV × √(days / 365) 2. Term structure (once a week) Underlying: ____ Front-month IV: ____ Next-month IV: ____ Forward volatility = √((σ2² × T2 − σ1² × T1) / (T2 − T1)): ____ Shape: [ ] Contango [ ] Inverted (reason: ________) 3. Events in the next 8 weeks Date | Event | Related underlyings | Implied move | Avg actual move, past 8 ____ | _____ | ___________________ | ____________ | _______________________ ____ | _____ | ___________________ | ____________ | _______________________ ____ | _____ | ___________________ | ____________ | _______________________ Event types: earnings / FOMC / CPI / jobs / options expiration / other 4. This week's conclusions Most expensive IV: ________ Cheapest: ________ Events worth preparing for: ________ Positions to cut ahead of time: ________
EData sources and tools
Below are only common categories and well-known public tools, with what each is good for. A listing is not a recommendation. Only the main domain is given; check it yourself before use. Fees and features change.
Broker platforms
- Interactive Brokers interactivebrokers.com
Broad product coverage, low costs and a full set of options analytics - Charles Schwab (thinkorswim platform) schwab.com
thinkorswim's Analyze tab can draw multi-leg payoff diagrams and run price and IV scenarios - Fidelity fidelity.com
A full-service broker with option chains and strategy analysis - tastytrade tastytrade.com
An options-focused broker whose interface is built around IV Rank and defined-risk strategies
When choosing a broker, compare commissions and fees per contract, the requirements for each options approval level, support for multi-leg and conditional orders, and whether you can see Delta, Theta and Vega at the portfolio level.
Exchanges, clearing and education
- Cboe cboe.com
Contract specifications for SPX, XSP, VIX and other options; VIX methodology and historical data - OCC (Options Clearing Corporation) theocc.com
The disclosure document “Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options,” which you should read before applying for options approval; volume statistics - Options Industry Council (OIC) optionseducation.org
Free courses on options basics, strategy guides and calculators - CME Group cmegroup.com
Contract specifications for futures and options on futures; the FedWatch tool shows market-implied probabilities for rate decisions
The exchange's published specifications are what count: multiplier, exercise style, settlement method, last trading day.
Option chains and IV data
- Your broker's platform
Real-time data is most reliable here; most platforms show IV Rank, term structure and skew charts - Barchart barchart.com
Option chains, IV Rank, open interest and unusual volume; some features are free - Yahoo Finance finance.yahoo.com
Free option chains and quotes; the data is delayed, but it's fine for practice reading chains
Data sources define IV differently: which expiration, whether it is interpolated to 30 days, whether it uses mid prices or last trades. Always compare using the same source.
Financial calendars
- Federal Reserve federalreserve.gov
FOMC meeting schedule, statements and minutes - Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) bls.gov
Release schedules for CPI, PPI and nonfarm payrolls - Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) bea.gov
Release schedules for the PCE price index and GDP - Nasdaq earnings calendar nasdaq.com
Look up companies reporting earnings by date - Company investor relations pages
The company's official announcement is what counts for earnings dates; third-party calendars may show estimates
Earnings dates often appear first as “estimated” and later as “confirmed.” Use only confirmed dates for event trades.
Macro and company data
- FRED fred.stlouisfed.org
Macro time series for rates, inflation, employment and more, including VIX history - US Treasury treasury.gov
Treasury yield curve data - SEC EDGAR sec.gov
Official company filings such as the 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K
For macro data, look at “actual − forecast”: markets react most to the surprise.
Payoff diagrams, pricing and backtesting
- OptionStrat optionstrat.com
Draws payoff diagrams for multi-leg structures online; you can change the date and IV - Broker analysis tools
Such as thinkorswim's Analyze tab and Interactive Brokers' options analysis tools, which run scenarios directly on your positions - Python python.org
With NumPy and pandas, use this course's Black-Scholes formulas to do your own pricing, stress tests and Monte Carlo simulations - QuantLib quantlib.org
An open-source financial pricing library, good for studying American, barrier and other options once you're more advanced - Your own trading journal
The most important backtest data: only it reflects your real execution, slippage and discipline
Every backtest must deduct slippage and commissions and be checked on out-of-sample data. Treat statistics from fewer than 30 trades as a rough guide only.
- Use your broker's real-time quotes for order prices; free websites are often delayed 15 minutes or more.
- The same metric (IV Rank, expected move) can differ from site to site; stick to one source.
- Any “signal” or “flow” data is an estimate: use it to raise questions, not to replace your judgment.